Comparison of Multi-Dimensional Datasets

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for comparing multi-dimensional datasets are provided. A multi-dimensional dataset comparison includes receiving a plurality of datasets, each including a plurality of coordinates, wherein a subset of coordinates defines a geo-fence. For a coordinate within a geo-fence of one of the plurality of datasets, determining analogous coordinates in each of the other datasets, the analogous coordinates defining a coordinate input set, and performing in parallel an operation on the coordinate input set to determine whether an entry is present at a coordinate of the coordinate input set.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/476,875, filed Sep. 4, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/064,678, filed Oct. 28, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.8,855,916, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/308,003, filed Nov. 30, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,594,921, thedisclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This specification relates generally to multi-dimensional datasets, andmore particularly to methods for performing calculations regardinggeo-fences represented within multi-dimensional datasets.

BACKGROUND

A geo-fence is a virtual perimeter (e.g., on a geographic area) that canbe any shape, such as a rectangle defined by four points, a circledefined by a center and a radius, or a complex polygon. A geo-fence canbe defined by a network operator, service provider, enterprise orcustomer/subscriber. For example, service providers may definegeo-fences corresponding to subscriber locations, while subscribers maydefine their own geo-fences based on customized preferences.

In a telecommunications network, a mobile communication device canrespond to entering or leaving an area bound by a geo-fence. The mobilecommunication device may respond with a notification, by executing anapplication, or by interacting with hardware associated with ageo-fence. For example, geo-fences can be used to notify parents ofchildren leaving designated areas, shut down a vehicle before entering arestricted area, and notify authorities when a person or object ofinterest enters or exits a sensitive location.

SUMMARY

Methods, apparatuses and articles of manufacture for comparingcoordinates of multi-dimensional datasets are provided. In oneembodiment, a plurality of datasets, each including a plurality ofcoordinates, are received, wherein a subset of coordinates defines ageo-fence. For a coordinate within a geo-fence of one of the pluralityof datasets, analogous coordinates in each of the other datasets aredetermined, the analogous coordinates defining a coordinate input set.An operation is performed in parallel on the coordinate input set todetermine whether a data signal is present at a coordinate of thecoordinate input set. The operation can be at least one of a logical ormathematical operation.

In accordance with an embodiment, the geo-fence is based on one of aspatial, facility-based, event-based, multi-dimensional and geographicalparameter, and a status parameter associated with the geo-fence, such asa time, location or motion-based parameter, may be dynamically updated.

In accordance with an embodiment, a data signal present at a coordinateof the coordinate input set is determined to be associated with anentity, and information associated with the entity can be determined.

In accordance with an embodiment, a first dataset includes a subscribergeo-fence and a second dataset includes one of a service provider andenterprise geo-fence.

These and other advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the followingdetailed description and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a computer system for comparing coordinates ofmulti-dimensional datasets in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing analogous coordinates of multi-dimensionaldatasets in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an operation for comparing analogous coordinatesof multi-dimensional datasets in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for comparing analogous coordinatesof multi-dimensional datasets in accordance with an embodiment; and

FIG. 5 is a high-level block diagram of an exemplary computer that maybe used for comparing coordinates of multi-dimensional datasets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods, apparatuses and articles of manufacture for executing aparallel mathematical or logical operation on analogous coordinates ofmulti-dimensional datasets are disclosed. A dataset comprises aplurality of coordinates. A coordinate of a dataset digitally representsa physical location. The coordinates of multi-dimensional datasets maydigitally represent physical locations that relate to specificapplications. For example, physical locations digitally represented bycoordinates of multi-dimensional datasets may include the geographiclocations of mobile network subscribers, related (e.g., chain) stores,sensitive installations (e.g., government facilities), landmarks or thelike.

A geo-fence (i.e., a virtual perimeter that may be a rectangle, circle,or complex polygon) may be represented by a subset of coordinates of adataset. In telecommunications applications, geo-fences may correspondto service provider, enterprise or subscriber locations, preferences andevents. A geo-fence may be represented by a static subset of coordinates(e.g., to represent a perimeter around a base station), or a dynamicsubset of coordinates that change based on a corresponding entity orevent (e.g., to represent a perimeter around a mobile subscriber unit orconcert venue).

For example, a business owner may define a geo-fence around a businesslocation. The business owner may want to identify subscribers who are inthe vicinity of the business for statistical reasons or to send them adiscount coupon when they are in close proximity. In addition, thebusiness owner may have multiple business locations. Therefore,identifying subscribers who are in the vicinity of all of the businesslocations (i.e., geo-fences) can require knowing the real-time locationof every potential customer relative to each location.

In another example, an enterprise having a large number of mobilecustomers (e.g., 100 million) may wish to determine in real-time whetherany one of those mobile customers is within any of a plurality ofgeo-fence boundaries. Currently, software may allow computer systems todetermine whether the locations of the customers and the geo-fencesmatch, and if so, to take some pre-defined action. However, there can bethousands or even millions of pre-defined geo-fences for businesses andgovernment entities. Further, other types of geo-fences may now bedefined by mobile subscribers for their own purposes (e.g., such as forsocial networking or “arriving and leaving” type triggers that maypertain, for example, to a child arriving at school or home). Dynamicgeo-fences allow every mobile subscriber to have a personal (i.e.,motion-based) geo-fence. Therefore, the number of geo-fences included incurrent and future telecommunications systems may number well above onehundred million (100M). As such, these systems may require comparing100M+ mobile customers in real time to 100M+ pre-defined geo-fences.

The embodiments relate to determining whether an entry, such as an entryrepresenting a mobile device, at a coordinate of a dataset is presentlylocated at a coordinate analogous to a coordinate within a geo-fence ofanother dataset. In particular, the embodiments relate to determining areduced set of coordinates within a dataset for further geo-fencingcalculations (e.g., entity identification, notifications, etc.). Assuch, the embodiments provide pre-processing for high-volume geo-fencingcalculations, such as those involving multi-dimensional datasets,dynamically updating geo-fences and other variables.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system for comparing coordinates ofmulti-dimensional datasets in accordance with an embodiment. The system100 includes application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) 102 andcomputer system 104. For example, computer system 104 may be acentralized memory location (e.g., a processor connected to a localdatabase) or distributed data collection center (e.g., a processorconnected to a remote base station) in a telecommunications network.

ASIC 102 is configured to receive inputs related to a plurality ofdatasets from computer system 104, such as via an input/output interface(not shown). In one embodiment, ASIC 102 determines analogouscoordinates between datasets. For example, a coordinate representing aphysical location in one dataset (e.g., a service provider dataset) maybe analogous to a coordinate representing the same physical location inanother dataset (e.g., a subscriber dataset). Therefore, while eachdataset can be directed to a specific application, the analogouscoordinates can be evaluated to determine whether an entry (e.g.,representing a mobile device) is present at a location relevant to anyof the datasets (e.g., within a geo-fence).

ASIC 102 can receive data related to analogous coordinates from computersystem 104. For example, ASIC 102 may be configured to receive entriesrelated to one or more coordinates such as xi 106, yi 108, and zi 110,where xi, yi and zi are analogous coordinates (from datasets x, y and z)defining a coordinate input set (i). ASIC 102 may be configured to latchthe coordinate input set into memory 111 as input for an operation.

ASIC 102 can evaluate the coordinate input set by performing anoperation such as a mathematical or logical function 112. For example,the mathematical or logical function 112 may be a logical ‘AND’operation for determining whether an entry (e.g., representing an objector subscriber) is present at a coordinate of the coordinate input set.Alternatively, ASIC 102 may execute a logical function 112 fordetermining whether an entry is present at one coordinate of thecoordinate input set, but not at another of the coordinates.

In one embodiment, the mathematical or logical function 112 may beperformed in parallel for every coordinate of a coordinate input set topermit faster processing for large numbers of coordinates. For example,ASIC 102 may be in communication with hardware connected directly toremote memory locations (e.g., base stations) for performing in parallelmathematical or logical function 112.

ASIC 102 may communicate the result 114 of the mathematical or logicalfunction 112 to computer system 104. For example, result 114 mayindicate that an entry at a coordinate of one dataset is within ageo-fence of another dataset. Computer system 104 may then use theresult 114 for further processing and calculations (e.g., to identify anentity associated with an entry, to send notifications to the entity orto another element, or to send data transmissions, metrics, etc.).

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing analogous coordinates of multi-dimensionaldatasets in accordance with an embodiment. For ease of understanding,FIG. 2 illustrates datasets as a series of two-dimensional grids.Specifically, FIG. 2 shows three, two-dimensional input dataset grids:dataset X 200 having a coordinate 202, dataset Y 204 having a coordinate206, and dataset Z 208 having a coordinate 210. As shown, coordinates202, 206, and 208 are analogous and comprise a coordinate input set.

In one embodiment, ASIC 102 may receive a plurality of input datasets(having an arbitrary number of dimensions and coordinates) and mayexecute a plurality of mathematical or logical operations pertaining tothe plurality of input datasets. For example, ASIC 102 may executelogical function 211 (e.g., Qi=IF(AND(Xi, Yi, Zi), 1, 0)) to determine aresult Qi for analogous coordinates 202, 206, and 208 of datasets X, Y,and Z. For example, result Qi 214 in the output dataset grid 212 is alogical ‘1’ if an entry is present at each of Xi, Yi and Zi. Otherwise,result Qi 214 is a logical ‘0’.

A coordinate input set also can be depicted as a cluster of memorycells, as shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a diagram of an operation forcomparing analogous coordinates of multi-dimensional datasets inaccordance with an embodiment. For example, ASIC 102 may executemathematical or logical function 300 based on a cluster of memory cells,indicated as Ai 302, Bi 304, Ci 306, Di 308, Ei 310 and Fi 312, where“i” indicates that the memory cells represent a set of analogouscoordinates found in a plurality of datasets. ASIC 102 may thendetermine an output value Ri 314 corresponding to the input values. Inone embodiment, the mathematical or logical function can be performed inparallel for all input and output coordinates, “i.” For example, themathematical or logical function associated with a memory cell may beperformed in the immediate physical proximity of the associated memorycell.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for comparing multi-dimensionaldatasets in accordance with an embodiment. In one embodiment, ASIC 102may comprise a processor and an interface for performing one or more ofthe steps of FIG. 4. At 400, a plurality of datasets are received (e.g.,via an interface of ASIC 102), wherein each of the plurality of datasetscomprises a plurality of coordinates, and wherein a subset of one ormore coordinates defines a geo-fence. A geo-fence may be defined by asingle coordinate of a dataset or may be defined by a plurality ofcoordinates (e.g., to represent a rectangle, circle, or complexpolygon-shaped geo-fence). For example, a geo-fence can be based on oneof a spatial, facility-based, event-based, multi-dimensional andgeographical parameter. Further, a dataset or coordinates defining ageo-fence may be dynamically updated, activated or deactivated based ona status parameter, such as one or more time, location or motion-basedparameters. For example, datasets, (and geo-fences) may be dynamicallyupdated to represent the motion of entities, mobile device/subscriberactivities (e.g., addition or removal from a subscriber list orlocation), events, temporal factors and other parameters.

At 402, for a coordinate within a geo-fence of one of the plurality ofdatasets, analogous coordinates in each of the other datasets aredetermined (e.g., by a processor of ASIC 102), the analogous coordinatesdefining a coordinate input set. An operation may then be performed todetermine whether an entry is present at a coordinate of the coordinateinput set at 404. For example, a request regarding a particularcoordinate of a coordinate input set may be received (e.g., to determineif an entry is present). In such case, a logical or mathematicaloperation may be performed in parallel for a relevant subset ofcoordinates to determine whether an entry is present.

At 406, the result of the operation may be communicated via an interfaceof ASIC 102 for further processing. For example, if the result indicatesthat an entry at a coordinate of one dataset is at a coordinateanalogous to a coordinate within a geo-fence (i.e., subset ofcoordinates) of another dataset, the result 114 may then be used fordetermining an entity identification, to send notifications, datatransmissions, metrics, or for other functions. In addition, if theresult indicates that no entries are at a particular coordinate, nofurther operations need be performed at any analogous coordinates.

In one embodiment, a mathematical or logical operation may allow foroperations on larger datasets (e.g., datasets having a million or morecoordinates in each dimension) to be performed in a reduced amount oftime. For example, a large dataset may be a battlefield firing platform.When a battlefield firing platform achieves a firing solution, it isdesirable to determine whether any friendly forces coincide with thecoordinates of the firing solution. As such, the known locations offriendly forces can be used to define a set of geo-fences, and thegeo-fences can be automatically, dynamically, and rapidly compared tothe firing solution dataset to look for a collision based on themathematical or logical operation. If a collision exists (e.g., theoperation determines that a data signal is present at a coordinateanalogous to a coordinate within the firing solution), firing would beinhibited. If no collision exists, no further operations are necessary.Other implementations may include marine applications to prevent shipcollisions with known underwater obstacles, air traffic controlapplications allowing for three dimensional comparisons (e.g., forcollision avoidance with both fixed obstacles, such as buildings andterrain, as well as dynamic obstacles such as other aircraft), andapplications regarding image matching.

In various embodiments, the method steps described herein, including themethod steps described in FIG. 4, may be performed in an order differentfrom the particular order described or shown. In other embodiments,other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from thedescribed methods.

Systems, apparatus, and methods described herein may be implementedusing digital circuitry, or using one or more computers using well-knowncomputer processors, memory units, storage devices, computer software,and other components. Typically, a computer includes a processor forexecuting instructions and one or more memories for storing instructionsand data. A computer may also include, or be coupled to, one or moremass storage devices, such as one or more magnetic disks, internal harddisks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, optical disks, etc.

Systems, apparatus, and methods described herein may be implementedusing computers operating in a client-server relationship. Typically, insuch a system, the client computers are located remotely from the servercomputer and interact via a network. The client-server relationship maybe defined and controlled by computer programs running on the respectiveclient and server computers.

Systems, apparatus, and methods described herein may be used within anetwork-based cloud computing system. In such a network-based cloudcomputing system, a server or another processor that is connected to anetwork communicates with one or more client computers via a network. Aclient computer may communicate with the server via a network browserapplication residing and operating on the client computer, for example.A client computer may store data on the server and access the data viathe network. A client computer may transmit requests for data, orrequests for online services, to the server via the network. The servermay perform requested services and provide data to the clientcomputer(s). The server may also transmit data adapted to cause a clientcomputer to perform a specified function, e.g., to perform acalculation, to display specified data on a screen, etc. For example,the server may transmit a request adapted to cause a client computer toperform one or more of the method steps described herein, including oneor more of the steps of FIG. 4. Certain steps of the methods describedherein, including one or more of the steps of FIG. 4, may be performedby a server or by another processor in a network-based cloud-computingsystem. Certain steps of the methods described herein, including one ormore of the steps of FIG. 4, may be performed by a client computer in anetwork-based cloud computing system. The steps of the methods describedherein, including one or more of the steps of FIG. 4, may be performedby a server and/or by a client computer in a network-based cloudcomputing system, in any combination.

Systems, apparatus, and methods described herein may be implementedusing a computer program product tangibly embodied in an informationcarrier, e.g., in a non-transitory machine-readable storage device, forexecution by a programmable processor; and the method steps describedherein, including one or more of the steps of FIG. 4, may be implementedusing one or more computer programs that are executable by such aprocessor. A computer program is a set of computer program instructionsthat can be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform acertain activity or bring about a certain result. A computer program canbe written in any form of programming language, including compiled orinterpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including asa stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or otherunit suitable for use in a computing environment.

A high-level block diagram of an exemplary computer that may be used toimplement systems, apparatus and methods described herein is illustratedin FIG. 5. Computer 500 includes a processor 501 operatively coupled toa data storage device 502 and a memory 503. Processor 501 controls theoverall operation of computer 500 by executing computer programinstructions that define such operations. The computer programinstructions may be stored in data storage device 502, or other computerreadable medium, and loaded into memory 503 when execution of thecomputer program instructions is desired. Thus, the method steps of FIG.4 can be defined by the computer program instructions stored in memory503 and/or data storage device 502 and controlled by the processor 501executing the computer program instructions. For example, the computerprogram instructions can be implemented as computer executable codeprogrammed by one skilled in the art to perform an algorithm defined bythe method steps of FIG. 4. Accordingly, by executing the computerprogram instructions, the processor 501 executes an algorithm defined bythe method steps of FIG. 4. Computer 500 also includes one or morenetwork interfaces 504 for communicating with other devices via anetwork. Computer 500 also includes one or more input/output devices 505that enable user interaction with computer 500 (e.g., display, keyboard,mouse, speakers, buttons, etc.).

Processor 501 may include both general and special purposemicroprocessors, and may be the sole processor or one of multipleprocessors of computer 500. Processor 501 may include one or morecentral processing units (CPUs), for example. Processor 501, datastorage device 502, and/or memory 503 may include, be supplemented by,or incorporated in, one or more application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs) and/or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

Data storage device 502 and memory 503 each include a tangiblenon-transitory computer readable storage medium. Data storage device502, and memory 803, may each include high-speed random access memory,such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory(SRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDRRAM), or other random access solid state memory devices, and may includenon-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devicessuch as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical diskstorage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices,semiconductor memory devices, such as erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile discread-only memory (DVD-ROM) disks, or other non-volatile solid statestorage devices.

Input/output devices 805 may include peripherals, such as a printer,scanner, display screen, etc. For example, input/output devices 505 mayinclude a display device such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquidcrystal display (LCD) monitor for displaying information to the user, akeyboard, and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by whichthe user can provide input to computer 500.

Any or all of the systems and apparatus discussed herein, including ASIC102, computer system 104, and components thereof, may be implementedusing a computer such as computer 500.

One skilled in the art will recognize that an implementation of anactual computer or computer system may have other structures and maycontain other components as well, and that FIG. 5 is a high levelrepresentation of some of the components of such a computer forillustrative purposes.

The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in everyrespect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scopeof the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from theDetailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpretedaccording to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to beunderstood that the embodiments shown and described herein are onlyillustrative of the principles of the present disclosure and thatvarious modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of this disclosure. Thoseskilled in the art could implement various other feature combinationswithout departing from the scope and spirit of this disclosure.

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: receiving a plurality of datasets, oneof the plurality of datasets including a dynamic subset of coordinateswhich dynamically updates based on a location of a mobile subscriber todefine a geo-fence, wherein analogous coordinates of a coordinate withinthe geo-fence of the one of the plurality of datasets are determined inother datasets of the plurality of datasets to define a reducedcoordinate input set; receiving a request to determine whether an entrylocated at a particular coordinate in the reduced coordinate input setis within the geo-fence; in response to receiving the request,performing, by a processor, a pre-processing operation on the reducedcoordinate input set by determining whether the particular coordinate isanalogous to the coordinate within the geo-fence to determine whetherthe entry is present within the geo-fence; transmitting data to theentry in response to determining that the entry is present within thegeo-fence; determining an entity associated with the entry present atthe coordinate within the geo-fence; and determining informationassociated with the entity.
 2. The method as recited in claim 1, furthercomprising: activating and deactivating the geo-fence based on a timeparameter.
 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:activating and deactivating the geo-fence based on a location parameter.4. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising: activating anddeactivating the geo-fence based on a motion parameter.
 5. The method asrecited in claim 1, further comprising: dynamically updating the dynamicsubset of coordinates based on a temporal factor.
 6. The method asrecited in claim 1, further comprising: determining coordinates in theother datasets of the plurality of datasets representing a same locationas the coordinate within the geo-fence of the one of the plurality ofdatasets to define the reduced coordinate input set.
 7. The method asrecited in claim 1, wherein performing, by a processor, a pre-processingoperation on the reduced coordinate input set by determining whether theparticular coordinate is analogous to the coordinate within thegeo-fence to determine whether the entry is present within the geo-fencecomprises: performing a logical operation on the reduced coordinateinput set to determine whether the entry is present within thegeo-fence.
 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein performing, by aprocessor, a pre-processing operation on the reduced coordinate inputset by determining whether the particular coordinate is analogous to thecoordinate within the geo-fence to determine whether the entry ispresent within the geo-fence comprises: performing a mathematicaloperation on the reduced coordinate input set to determine whether theentry is present within the geo-fence.
 9. The method as recited in claim1, further comprising: maintaining a metric based on determining thatthe entry is present within the geo-fence.
 10. The method as recited inclaim 1, wherein the entry represents a mobile device.
 11. An apparatuscomprising: a processor; and a memory to store computer programinstructions, the computer program instructions when executed on theprocessor cause the processor to perform operations comprising:receiving a plurality of datasets, one of the plurality of datasetsincluding a dynamic subset of coordinates which dynamically updatesbased on a location of a mobile subscriber to define a geo-fence,wherein analogous coordinates of a coordinate within the geo-fence ofthe one of the plurality of datasets are determined in other datasets ofthe plurality of datasets to define a reduced coordinate input set;receiving a request to determine whether an entry located at aparticular coordinate in the reduced coordinate input set is within thegeo-fence; in response to receiving the request, performing, by aprocessor, a pre-processing operation on the reduced coordinate inputset by determining whether the particular coordinate is analogous to thecoordinate within the geo-fence to determine whether the entry ispresent within the geo-fence; transmitting data to the entry in responseto determining that the entry is present within the geo-fence;determining an entity associated with the entry present at thecoordinate within the geo-fence; and determining information associatedwith the entity.
 12. The apparatus as recited in claim 11, theoperations further comprising: activating and deactivating the geo-fencebased on a time parameter.
 13. The apparatus as recited in claim 11, theoperations further comprising: activating and deactivating the geo-fencebased on a location parameter.
 14. The apparatus as recited in claim 11,the operations further comprising: activating and deactivating thegeo-fence based on a motion parameter.
 15. The apparatus as recited inclaim 11, the operations further comprising: determining coordinates inthe other datasets of the plurality of datasets representing a samelocation as the coordinate within the geo-fence of the one of theplurality of datasets to define the reduced coordinate input set. 16.The apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein the entry represents amobile device.
 17. A computer readable medium storing computer programinstructions, which, when executed on a processor, cause the processorto perform operations comprising: receiving a plurality of datasets, oneof the plurality of datasets including a dynamic subset of coordinateswhich dynamically updates based on a location of a mobile subscriber todefine a geo-fence, wherein analogous coordinates of a coordinate withinthe geo-fence of the one of the plurality of datasets are determined inother datasets of the plurality of datasets to define a reducedcoordinate input set; receiving a request to determine whether an entrylocated at a particular coordinate in the reduced coordinate input setis within the geo-fence; in response to receiving the request,performing, by a processor, a pre-processing operation on the reducedcoordinate input set by determining whether the particular coordinate isanalogous to the coordinate within the geo-fence to determine whetherthe entry is present within the geo-fence; transmitting data to theentry in response to determining that the entry is present within thegeo-fence; determining an entity associated with the entry present atthe coordinate within the geo-fence; and determining informationassociated with the entity.
 18. The computer readable medium as recitedin claim 17, wherein performing, by a processor, a pre-processingoperation on the reduced coordinate input set by determining whether theparticular coordinate is analogous to the coordinate within thegeo-fence to determine whether the entry is present within the geo-fencecomprises: performing a logical operation on the reduced coordinateinput set to determine whether the entry is present within thegeo-fence.
 19. The computer readable medium as recited in claim 17,wherein performing, by a processor, a pre-processing operation on thereduced coordinate input set by determining whether the particularcoordinate is analogous to the coordinate within the geo-fence todetermine whether the entry is present within the geo-fence comprises:performing a mathematical operation on the reduced coordinate input setto determine whether the entry is present within the geo-fence.
 20. Thecomputer readable medium as recited in claim 17, the operations furthercomprising: maintaining a metric based on determining that the entry ispresent within the geo-fence.